The Consequence of Teenage Pregnancy on the Primigravida Health Outcome Delivers at Sulaymaniyah Maternity Teaching Hospital-Kurdistan Region-Iraq.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15218/ejnm.2020.17Keywords:
Primigravida, Outcomes, Pregnancy, Teenage, Health, ConsequencesAbstract
Background and Objectives: Teenage first pregnancy is a significant public health problem as it often occurs in the context of poor social support and maternal wellbeing. It is considered high risk for both the mother and infant. This study aimed to find out the effect of teenage pregnancy on neonatal health outcomes.
Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted in Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and involved all pregnant teenage mothers admitted to Sulaymaniyah Maternity Teaching Hospital from January 1, 2019, to June 30, 2019.
Results: 332 of mothers aged ≤19 years and their newborns were studied. A higher proportion of teenage mothers were from rural areas than the urban areas (59.3% vs 40.7%). The percentage of teenage mothers who did not attend antenatal care was 11.14%, and irregular attendees represented 9.94 %. Compared with teenage mothers aged 14–16 years, teenage mothers aged 17–19 years had higher risks of anaemia, systemic infections, coincidental condition, low birth weight, preterm delivery and low Apgar score. The risk of aspiration of meconium and stillbirth among infants born to teenage mothers was statistically not significant after adjustment for gestational age and birth weight, in addition to maternal characteristics and mode of delivery. Teenage pregnancy was associated with higher risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Conclusion: Prevention strategies and the improvement of healthcare are essential to reduce the consequences of teenage pregnancy on maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Teenage women were less likely to receive antenatal care services. Use of community- and health facility-based education programs are necessary to prevent teenage pregnancy and thus reduce adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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References
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[27] Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Shrestha SR, West KP, Christian P. Miscarriage but Not Stillbirth Rates Are Higher Among Younger Nulliparas in Rural Southern Nepal. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008;42(6):587–95.
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[29] Cinar N, Menekse D. Effects of Adolescent Pregnancy on Health of Baby. Open Journal of Pediatrics& Neonatal Care. 2017;3(1):12–6. Available from: www.scireslit.com
[30] Socolov DG, Iorga M, Carauleanu A, Ilea C, Blidaru I, Boiculese L, et al. Pregnancy during Adolescence and Associated Risks: An 8-Year Hospital-Based Cohort Study (2007-2014) in Romania, the country with the Highest Rate of Teenage Pregnancy in Eu-rope. Biomed Research International. 2017:1–8. Available from: www.scireslit.com
[31] Harper LM, Chang JJ, MacOnes GA. Adolescent pregnancy and gestational weight gain: Do the Institute of Medicine recommendations apply? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;205(2):2–15.
[32] Iacobelli S, Robillard P-Y, Gouyon J-B, Hulsey TC, Bonsante GB &Francesco. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of adolescent primiparous singleton pregnancies: a cohort study in the South of Reunion Island, Indian Ocean. Journal Matern Neo-natal Medicine. 2012;25(12):2591–6. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/14767058.2012.718003?scroll=top&needAccess=true
[33] Chen XK, Wen SW, Fleming N, Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Walker M. Teenage pregnan-cy and adverse birth outcomes: A large population-based retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;36(2):368–73.
[34] World Health Organization. Global Nutrition Target 2025. Breastfeeding Policy Brief. Available from: file:///C:/Users/cfvgf/Downloads/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.7_eng%20(2).pdf. [Accessed 2012]
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[36] World Health Organization. WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Low Birth Weight Policy Brief. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/globaltar-gets_lowbirthweight_policybrief.pdf. [Accessed 2014]
[37] World Health Organization. Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Outcomes. Available from: https://www.who.int/immunization/hpv/target/pre-venting_early_pregnancy_and_poor_reproductive_outcomes_who_2006.pdf?ua=1. [Accessed 2011].
[2] Ayele B, Tesfay G, Hailu Tesfay T, Assefa, Belete A. Determinants of teenage preg-nancy in Degua Tembien District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A community-based case-control study. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):1–15.
[3] Kost K, Henshaw S. U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2011: National Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity. Guttmacher Institute. 2016;(April):1–28. Available from: https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/USTPtrends10.pdf
[4] Mersal FA, Esmat OM, Khalil GM. Effect of prenatal counselling on compliance and outcomes of teenage pregnancy. East Medi-terranean Health Journal. 2013;19(1):10–7.
[5] Kirchengast S. Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem. INTECH. 2017;(April). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309517576 Teenage
[6] Mukhopadhyay P, Chaudhuri RN, Paul B. Hospital-based Perinatal Outcomes and Complications in Teenage Pregnancy in India. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2010;28(5):494–500. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309517576 Teenage
[7] Campbell B, Martinelli-hackathon S, Wong S. Motherhood in Childhood. In The State of World Population. 2013. p. ii–116. Available from: http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/EN-SWOP2013-final.pdf
[8] Mangeli M, Rayyani M, Cheraghi MA, Tirgari B. Exploring the Challenges of Adolescent Mothers From Their Life Experiences in the Transition to Motherhood: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Family& Reproductive Health. 2017;11(3):165–73.
[9] Dutta I, Joshi P. Maternal and Perinatal Outcome in Teenage Vs. Vicenarian Primigravi-dae - A Clinical Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research.2013;7(12):2881–2884. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919298/
[10] Goonewardene IMR, Waduge RPKD. Adverse effects of teenage pregnancy. Ceylon Medical Journal. 2005;50(3):116–20.
[11] Ali N, Sultana M, Sheikh N, Akram R, Ma-humud RA, Asaduzzaman M. Predictors of Optimal Antenatal Care Service Utilization Among Adolescents and Adult Women in Bangladesh. Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology Volume .2018;5:1–8.
[12] World Health Organization, Cut-off for BMI according to WHO standards. Available from: https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/indicators/mn_survey_19-cut-off-for-bmi-according-to-who-standards/.[ Accessed from 2019].
[13] Vincent I. Baby Birth Weight Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.verywellfamily.com/baby-birth-weight-statistics-2633630. Updated on June 29, 2020.
[14] Holton T. "What Are APGAR Scores, And Why Are They Important? " www.holtonlaw.com.2020.
[15] Bureau of Statistics, Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Uganda Bureau of Statistics Kampala, Uganda ; (2011), (p. 461). Retrieved from https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR264/FR264.pdf
[16] Choe MK, Thapa S, Mishra V. Early marriage and early motherhood in Nepal. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2005;37(2):143–62.
[17] KORENČAN S, PINTER1 B, GREBENC M, VERDENIK I. THE OUTCOMES OF PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH IN ADOLESCENTS IN SLOVENIA. National Institute of Public Health. 2017;56(4):268–75. Available from: file:///C:/Users/cfvgf/Downloads/MarriageJBSpaper--ChoeThapaVinod.pdf
[18] Kassa GM, Arowojolu AO, Odukogbe AA, Yalew AW. Adverse neonatal outcomes of adolescent pregnancy in Northwest Ethiopia. PLOS ONE .2019;14(6):1–20. Available from: file:///C:/Users/cfvgf/Videos/journal.pone.0218259.pdf
[19] Mahomood NAA. Impact of Teenage Pregnancy on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Baghdad City. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2017;6(7):197–208. Available from: file:///C:/Users/cfvgf/Desktop/article_wjpr_1498892145 (3).pdf
[20] Bimerew A, Teshome M, Kassa GM. Prevalence of timely breastfeeding initiation and associated factors in Dembecha district, North West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. International Breastfeed Journal. 2016;11(1):1–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13006-016-0087-4
[21] Kovavisarach E, Chairaj S, Tosang K, Asavapiriyanont S, Chotigeat U. Outcome of Teenage Pregnancy in Rajavithi Hospital. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2014;93(1). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publica-tion/41668227_Outcome_of_teenage_pregnancy_in_Rajavithi_Hospital
[22] Lao, TT, Ho, LF. The obstetric implications of teenage pregnancy. Human Reproduction Hum Reprod. 1997;12(10):2303–5. Available from: file:///C:/Users/cfvgf/Downloads/The_obstetric_implications_of_teenage_pregnancy.pdf
[23] Witwit SJ. Teenage Motherhood: Maternal & Fetal Complications. Journal of Babylon University/Pure and Applied Sciences. 2015;11(2):828–42. Available from: https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=103428
[24] Morikawa M, Cho K, Yamada T, Yamada T, Sato S, Minakami H. Risk Factors for Eclamp-sia in Japan Between 2005 and 2009. International Journal of Gynaecology Obstetrics. 2012;117(1):66–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22257769/
[25] Smith GCS, Pell JP. Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. BMJ. 2001;323:1–5. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/323/7311/476.full.pdf
[26] Reichman NE, Pagnini DL. Maternal age and birth outcomes: Data from New Jersey. Family Planning Perspectives. 1997;29(6):268–95.
[27] Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Shrestha SR, West KP, Christian P. Miscarriage but Not Stillbirth Rates Are Higher Among Younger Nulliparas in Rural Southern Nepal. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008;42(6):587–95.
[28] Gibbs CM, Wendt A, Peters S, Hogue CJ. The impact of early age at first childbirth on maternal and infant health. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 2012;26(suppl,1):259–84. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742615%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4562289
[29] Cinar N, Menekse D. Effects of Adolescent Pregnancy on Health of Baby. Open Journal of Pediatrics& Neonatal Care. 2017;3(1):12–6. Available from: www.scireslit.com
[30] Socolov DG, Iorga M, Carauleanu A, Ilea C, Blidaru I, Boiculese L, et al. Pregnancy during Adolescence and Associated Risks: An 8-Year Hospital-Based Cohort Study (2007-2014) in Romania, the country with the Highest Rate of Teenage Pregnancy in Eu-rope. Biomed Research International. 2017:1–8. Available from: www.scireslit.com
[31] Harper LM, Chang JJ, MacOnes GA. Adolescent pregnancy and gestational weight gain: Do the Institute of Medicine recommendations apply? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;205(2):2–15.
[32] Iacobelli S, Robillard P-Y, Gouyon J-B, Hulsey TC, Bonsante GB &Francesco. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of adolescent primiparous singleton pregnancies: a cohort study in the South of Reunion Island, Indian Ocean. Journal Matern Neo-natal Medicine. 2012;25(12):2591–6. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/14767058.2012.718003?scroll=top&needAccess=true
[33] Chen XK, Wen SW, Fleming N, Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Walker M. Teenage pregnan-cy and adverse birth outcomes: A large population-based retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;36(2):368–73.
[34] World Health Organization. Global Nutrition Target 2025. Breastfeeding Policy Brief. Available from: file:///C:/Users/cfvgf/Downloads/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.7_eng%20(2).pdf. [Accessed 2012]
[35] Ganchimeg T, Ota E, Morisaki N, et al. Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among adolescent mothers: a World Health Organization multicountry study. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2014 Mar;121 Suppl 1:40-48. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12630.
[36] World Health Organization. WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Low Birth Weight Policy Brief. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/globaltar-gets_lowbirthweight_policybrief.pdf. [Accessed 2014]
[37] World Health Organization. Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Outcomes. Available from: https://www.who.int/immunization/hpv/target/pre-venting_early_pregnancy_and_poor_reproductive_outcomes_who_2006.pdf?ua=1. [Accessed 2011].
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Abdulla KE, Azize PM. The Consequence of Teenage Pregnancy on the Primigravida Health Outcome Delivers at Sulaymaniyah Maternity Teaching Hospital-Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Erbil j. nurs. midwifery [Internet]. 2020 Nov. 30 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];3(2):143-56. Available from: https://ejnm.hmu.edu.krd/index.php/ejnm/article/view/92
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